Mapping socioeconomic factors driving antimicrobial resistance in humans: An umbrella review

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health issue, but National Action Plans have not effectively addressed its socioeconomic drivers. A review of literature found 27 individual thematic groups of drivers, including age, sex, ethnicity, and lifestyle behaviors. The system & environment themes included household transmission, healthcare occupation, urbanicity, and environmental hygiene. Institutions & Policies included poor antibiotic quality, healthcare financing, governance, and national income. The review provides a macroscopic view of the complex pathways driving AMR, guiding future research and action.